While the granite hills of Bengaluru were being formed 3.2 billion years ago, landmass at Singhbhum in Jharkhand was also being formed.
“ …….. the earliest continental landmass to emerge may have been Jharkhand’s Singhbhum region…… researchers from India, Australia and the US found sandstones in Singhbhum with geological signatures of ancient river channels, tidal plains and beaches over 3.2 billion years old, representing the earliest crust exposed to air.”(Ref. 12).
Indian and Japanese scientists have shown that in the central Himalayas in Uttarakhand, mineral deposits contain water droplets entrapped in magnesite crystals, from an ancient ocean which was 500-700 million years old.
“……… there was once a vast ocean where the Himalayas now stand…….. named Tethys …. not from the Himalayas’ current geographical location.” the first author of the paper stated.(REF. 13),(Author’s note: See Figure 5).
As the landmass destined to be Bharat travelled upwards, it carried with it evidence of THE WORLD’S FIRST RECORDED tsunami well preserved in the rocks, finally uncovered in the Guryul ravines of present day Kashmir.
“…. a repository of fossils that hold evidence of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, dating as far as back 260 million years….. the world's first-ever recorded tsunami event is well preserved in the rocks of Guryul Ravines.”(REF. 14).
India and Madagascar broke away from Australia and Antarctica and the Indian Ocean was formed.
India finally broke away from Madagascar and began floating upwards on a very long journey. She crossed over a hotspot of Reunion about 68 million years ago, and began outpouring of molten lava as she floated up wards.
The lava cooled and formed the Western Ghats, making them 65 million years old.
Incredibly, the beautiful Kailash Temple of Ellora is a product of this old lava formation, which created the “Deccan Trap” 68 million years ago, (Ref. 11).
FIG. 7 - Himalayan range of mountains near Joshimath. Licensed to Dr.U.K.Sharma from
GETTY iStock images.
The formation of the Himalayas through this collision of landmasses has a bearing on the future events in the region that were associated with the birth as well as the demise of one of the world’s oldest and most developed civilisations – the Saraswati civilization.
45 to 55 MILLION YEARS AGO – THE FIRST WHALES WALKED IN KASHMIR
“………. the discovery of the remains of Indohyus by Prof Bajpai and Dutch-American paleontologist Hans Thewissen, have been notable in tracing the ancestry of whales to India.”
The Indohyus existed in western India, nearly 45 to 55 million years ago,with features that are only found in whales….. “the structure of its middle ear was exactly the same as whales. All its other features indicated that it was a land animal, including well-developed legs and teeth.”
“…….early whales started out with sound transmission mechanisms found in land mammals which were slowly modified as they took to water.”(Ref. 15).
(Author’s note: The time taken for the landmass destined to become Bharat to collide and form the Himalayas is 118 million minus 50 million, i.e., 68 million years. It is easy to appreciate that the whales evolved from a land mammal in this time, and finally entered the Ocean before the collision of land masses.)
55 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE FIRST HORSE RUNS IN BHARAT
The Western ghats are about 65 million years old. Life forms began appearing around this time.
An ancient ancestor of the horse roamed the area between what is now Gujarat and Mumbai around 54.5 million years ago.
“Working at the edge of a coal mine in India, a team of Johns Hopkins researchers and colleagues have filled in a major gap in science's understanding of the evolution of a group of animals that includes horses and rhinos.…. likely originated on the subcontinent when it was still an island headed swiftly for collision with Asia, the researchers report today in the online journal Nature Communications.”
“ …… more than 200 fossils belonged to an animal dubbed Cambaytherium thewissi, …….dated the fossils to about 54.5 million years.”(Ref. 16).
2 MILLION to 1.2 MILLION YEARS AGO – THE ORIGIN OF MAN IN BHARAT
“There is also evidence that hominids occupied the Punjab region of northern India as early as 470,000 BC. Stone hand axes and other primitive chopping tools found in northern India have been dated to 500,000 BC. Other stone artifacts found in India have been found dating from two million years ago.”(Ref. 17).
FIG. 8 – Vector picture of ape to human stages of evolution. Licensed to Dr.U.K.Sharma from
GETTY iStock images.
“India has a long history of human settlements. Excavations at Attirampakkam in Tamil Nadu have conclusively shown the presence of Homo erectus in India at least 1.5 million years ago.”
“ ………. Early humans populated the whole of peninsular India and left behind their art and artefacts at Upper Palaeolithic sites like Bhimbetka (Madhya Pradesh), Patne (Aurangabad, Maharashtra) and Muchchatala Chintamani Gavi (Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh).” (Ref. 18).
(Author’s note: see Figs.9,10 and 11 below)
300,000 BP to 20,000 BP –
“If we consider the combined evidence of the above, which is hard scientific evidence, it would mean that indigenous archaic modern humans existed in India at least by 300,000 BP..”
“…….. there are many findings like Narmada Man skull (300,000 Before Present [BP]), Laterite Baby skull (150,000 BP) near Chennai and Rhodesia Man, which squarely contradict the OAT, and instead points to the origin of humans in Indian subcontinent. Starting from earliest times to 20,000 BP, Indians had spread to Europe, China, Australia and Americas and created human colonies and settlements.”(Ref. 19).
(Author’s note: OAT is “Out of Africa Theory of evolution, the popular theory stating that Africa is the cradle of civilisation).
“The earliest evidence of deliberate patterning of stone that had some symbolic purpose – dating to 300,000 to 150,000 years ago have been found in the sandstone caves of India; they appeared in Africa much later around 100,000 years ago.”(Ref. 9).
45,000 YEARS AGO – THE FIRST HUMAN SETTLEMENT IN BHARAT
“Kalpi is a quiet town …… on the banks of the Yamuna River, between Jhansi and Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh, ……….. steeped in history. Kalpi’s story goes as far back as 45,000 years, to the Middle Palaeolithic Age (broadly, 300,000 to 30,000 years ago). It is one of the few sites in the Ganga-Yamuna doab where evidence of human settlement going back to the Stone Age has been found, (Ref. 20).
35000-20000 BP – WORSHIP OF DEVI SEEN IN BHARAT
“ …… evidence of worship of Devi Mata (Mother Goddess), which continues in an unbroken tradition till today …. a shrine at Upper Palaeolithic/Epipalaeolithic site at Baghor I in Son Valley. (Misra, 2006)”, (Ref. 21).
“30,000 B.P.” – ART FORMS ARE RECORDED IN BHARAT
“Bhimbetka Caves in Madhya Pradesh located in northern fringes of the ancient
Vindhyachal ranges are home to the extraordinary rock shelters and paintings. ……….. , the scenes usually depict hunting, dancing, horse and elephant riders, animal fights, honey collection, decoration of bodies, disguises, masks and different type of animals etc. Animals such as bison, tiger, rhinoceros, wild boar, elephants, monkeys, antelopes, lizards, peacocks etc. have been abundantly depicted (4).”
“Thus domesticated horse was known as early as 35,000 BP because there is a seated figure on a horse.”(Ref. 19).
FIG. 9: Example of rock paintings of animals from Bhimbetka caves, Madhya Pradesh,
India. Licensed to Dr. U.K.Sharma from GETTY iStock images.
FIG. 10: Example of rock art from Paleolithic era, Bhimbetka rock shelters, Madhya Pradesh,
India, showing riders on horseback. Considered to be one of the earliest traces of organized
human settlements In India, and the beginning of the Indian Stone Age. Licensed to Dr. U.K.
Sharma, from GETTY iStock images.
Fig. 11: A painting from Bhimbetka caves, Madhya Pradesh, India. Showing armed riders
mounted on horses in a possible hunt or battle. Licensed to Dr. U.K.Sharma from GETTY
iStock images.
(Author’s note: This conclusion has been disputed by some historians. I have included it, arising from proof given above that a precursor of the horse first ran in Bharat, and there is no reason why it would not have been domesticated).
15,000 BP – AN IMPORTANT GLOBAL MALE LINEAGE ORIGINATES IN BHARAT
“The Y-chromosomal (patrilineal) haplogroup R1a1a (also known as R-M17), one of the most important global male lineages found in 15% of humanity, widespread in Europe, Russia and India …in fact originated in India around 15,000 BP or
earlier…”.(Ref. 21).
12,000 to 10,000 BP – FROM ART TO WRITING AND COMPOSITION: THE WORLD’S OLDEST BOOK, THE RIGVEDA
…..” the Sanskrit RigVeda is the oldest piece of literature in the world. Reverend Morris Philip, in his book ‘The Teaching of the Vedas (p 213), concludes,”….. we may safely now call the Rigveda is the oldest book not only of the Aryan community but of the whole world.” (Ref. 22).
The Rigveda has been dated from 7th millennium B C to before 10,000 B C, (Refs. 17, 23, 24 and 25).
Fig 12: Facsimile of oldest palm leaf manuscript from India, purely
representational. Licensed to Dr. U. K. Sharma, from GETTY iStock images
9000 BP – EVIDENCE OF DENTISTRY IN BHARAT
“Dentistry as a medical science was quite common 9000 years ago, and ancient Indian dentists not only performed simple drilling, but also complex procedure to hollow out a cavity deep inside the tooth using sophisticated technological instruments like drills tipped with shards of flint.”
“ ….. by 6000 BCE there is evidence of organized agrarian societies and a granary. Rakhigarhi in Haryana, the largest Saraswati-Sindhu site, also shows continuous settlement from 6500 BCE.”
7,500 BP – RICE IS CULTIVATED IN KASHMIR VALLEY
“Wild rice cultivation appeared in the Bolan and Ganges valley regions of northern India as early as 5000 BCE and by this period agricultural communities had become quite widespread in Kashmir region.”(Ref. 21).
“It is to be noted that the intellectual systems of traditional India, the ancient civilization that flourished around the river Sindhu have developed in the land of Kashmir. An Indian poet has the following to say about Kashmir:
“Samsare Bharatam saram tatrapi cha Himalayam Tatrapi cha Kasmiram!”
which can be translated as “Bharata is supreme-most in the world, Himalaya is the supreme-most in Bharata and Kashmir the supreme most in Himalaya”.(Ref. 2).
Among the multitude of ‘FIRSTS’ that have been covered here, it is obvious to the unbiased mind that from the very beginning after Her tumultuous birth, Bharat and the Vedic peoples of the Saraswati civilisation carved out a place, for posterity, as contributors and educators of the World, which WE MUST NEVER ALLOW TO BE FORGOTTEN, OR OVERLOOKED OR INDEED CONCEALED OR DISMISSED.
The fate of the Saraswati was closely linked to that of Kashmir; and this beautiful region of Bharat, in turn, played a key role in Her evolution, culture, spiritual and artistic development since Vedic times. Kashmir region of Bharat is closely tied as mentioned above to her place in our National evolution. I will cover this important aspect of Vedic ancestry of our Kashmir region in Part II of this article.
Find REFERENCES here;
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